![]() ![]() As you run your fingers through the map, it’s completely smooth and even when you put your nose right up to it, you don’t see any ink dot-type pixellation. I am blown away by how high of a resolution this print it. That said, there are so many different designs to choose from.įirst, let’s talk about the map quality itself. The specific one that we have is the Framed World Map with Push Pins in Glacier with a Wedgewood French Cottage frame. ![]() I recently upgraded from my old Palomar Pin World (see below) to this one in my home office and I am impressed with how well-built and designed this world map with pins is. If you’re looking for a high-quality, detailed, framed map, look no further than Pin Adventure Map. With the Scratch the World Travel Map, it’s actually more difficult to scratch the map cleanly and you’re kind of limited to scratching out countries as opposed to marking somewhere specific or perhaps marking places differently based on where you’ve been and where you want to go. With regular maps, you can’t pin anything on it unless you’re fine with a cluster of holes on your wall. These are a fun way to start but I think ultimately they’re not the display piece you ultimately want to display at home. Why pins? You might be wondering why pins specifically? Yes, I recognize that there are regular maps that you can purchase and the ones that you can scratch off as you travel. To make your choice easier, I’ve organized the top world map with pins products out on the market today. While you’d think that there are many options out there, they’re more elusive than you think. One way of bringing the world home is by putting up a large world map with pins as a great way to visualize everywhere that you’ve been and everywhere that you still want to go. We do it by collecting things like magnets and pins, and we also trinkets small and large to display proudly at home. For more details, read the disclosure page.Īs travellers, we’re always seeking to bring a slice of our adventures, experiences, and ultimately our memories home. Make your Earth Toned US Map with pins extra special by having it personalized directly on the canvas with your name or favorite quote using one of our custom designer templates.This article may contain affiliate links where we make a small commission for purchases you make from links that you click from this article. ![]() Wherever you go, you will love pinning the destinations while reliving your favorite memories with each new pin on your map. The gallery canvas print's rich finish and frameless design create a unique art piece that also doubles as a fantastic conversation piece! Plot out your next family road trip, vacation to the country's best beaches, or the world-famous theme park on your Bucket List. See if you can pin all 50 states! Use this US push pin map to plan your next trip and show off all of your past adventures. This frameless US travel map, with its warm, neutral earth tones and dark grey background, is our own exclusive design. Perfect for people who have traveled and plan to travel throughout the United States. Map your travels with our stylish Earth Toned US Map with pins. ![]()
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![]() ![]() So, nobody needs to know they're actually good for you. Serve it up with a side salad and cauliflower mash for a low-carb dinner. These healthy dinner recipes not only support weight loss, but they bring big flavor to your dinner table. 30 Dinner Ideas for Late Night Workers Hungry for a Delicious Change. These crispy chicken thighs are flavored with paprika and Italian seasoning, but you can also swap the paprika for garlic powder, chili powder, or a salt-free Cajun seasoning. That means you can say goodbye to boring salads, flavorless chicken breasts, and joyless plates of vegetables. When preparing your meals, try to focus on selecting a variety of wholesome, nutritious foods that you enjoy,” she says. These recipes are nutritious, delicious and easy to make on busy weeknights. “Mealtime should be an enjoyable experience and provide you with a sense of satisfaction. Make nutritious, light and comforting dinners with these easy recipes for a healthy meal plan for the whole family. Plus, Mathis notes that weight loss doesn’t mean you need to restrict foods that you love. “This combination of nutrients should help to keep you satisfied between meals, which can help to prevent frequent snacking,” she adds. Serve on warm corn or flour tortillas and top off with black beans, corn, and creamy avocado. When making a dinner plan with weight loss in mind, aim to eat a nutritious, balanced meal that includes one or two servings of veggies, a serving of protein, whole grains, and sources of healthy fats, says Andrea Mathis, M.A., R.D.N., L.D., an Alabama-based registered dietitian and author of The Complete Book of Smoothies: 115 Healthy Recipes to Nourish, Heal, and Energize. Take off the meat and turn up the heat with this kicky Mushroom Tacos recipe made with portobello mushrooms, jalapeños, onion, and garlic. It seems impossible, but we have the best healthy recipes for weight loss that are perfect for weeknight cooking and are so good that you can add them to your regular rotation. You want something that will keep you satisfied, will help you achieve your wellness goals, and will get positive reviews from the entire family. It’s easy to whip up a healthy smoothie at breakfast time or a low-carb lunch in between meetings, but dinnertime is a whole beast of its own. ![]() ![]() Food manufacturers employ HACCP plans to mitigate food safety risk. If you freeze-dry fruit that harbors disease-causing microorganisms or viruses, they have the potential to reactivate, especially if they’re rehydrated (say, in a drink or pudding recipe). Freeze-drying doesn’t kill pathogens it just makes them dormant. There are also food safety considerations. You can even use a regular or deep freezer, but it takes weeks. Using dry ice is an option, but it can be dangerous to work with, and takes at least 24 hours. Home freeze-drying machines are available, but they’re bulky and rather expensive. ![]() as a mix-in for cookie batters, granola bars, trail mixes, etc.). Generally speaking, dried or dehydrated fruit is not a good recipe substitute for freeze-dried fruit, but freeze-dried fruit can sometimes stand in for dried (i.e. That’s an asset in recipes where you want the fruit to add undiluted color or flavor. It can also be pulverized into a powder that can be mixed into spice blends, batters, frostings, and more. Freeze-dried fruit, on the other hand, is dry, crunchy, and brittle. It ranges from slightly pliable to crisp. Dehydrated fruit, like apple or banana chips, has less water activity than dried, but more than freeze-dried fruit. contains some water, so it’s soft and sticky. Dried fruit - think raisins, prunes, apricots, etc. Is it the same as dried or dehydrated fruit? Freeze-dried fruit maintains its color and shape and becomes very lightweight, so it looks appealing and is travel-friendly. Freeze-drying preserves nutrients and concentrates flavor while greatly extending a food’s shelf-life. Giftable freeze-dried fruit confections >ĭreamy, creamy, freeze-dried fruit recipes >įreeze-dried strawberries What is freeze-dried fruit?įreeze-dried fruit is fruit that’s been preserved by a process involving freezing and dehydration under low-pressure vacuum conditions. From tinting frosting to punching up the flavor of marinades, we’ve got lots of ideas and recipes to help you enjoy it. Beyond that school trip ice cream - and later the occasional think piece on molecular gastronomy or doomsday rations - freeze-dried food stayed off my radar for decades, until a rainbow of freeze-dried fruit popped up at my local Trader Joe’s.īeyond its utility as a quick and nutritious toddler snack, freeze-dried fruit has a surprising array of tasty applications. We clamored to get our hands on the chalky, freeze-dried Neapolitan stuff, though some of us Jewish day school kids did it surreptitiously, and a few abstained because it wasn’t officially kosher. It’s the astronaut ice cream in the gift shop. I was pretty geeky about aeronautics as a tweenager - I even went to Space Academy - but my strongest memories of the National Air and Space Museum aren’t of the exhibits. ![]() There was a visit to the Lincoln Memorial, bagged lunches on the National Mall, then we’d roam a Smithsonian Museum or two. The itinerary never seemed to change, though. As a kid growing up in Baltimore, school trips landed my class in Washington, D.C., several times. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() They eventually settled in Los Angeles in 1934 when Bradbury was 14. While in Tucson, Bradbury attended Amphi Junior High School and Roskruge Junior High School. The Bradbury family lived in Tucson, Arizona, during 1926–19–1933 while their father pursued employment, each time returning to Waukegan. In Bradbury's fiction, 1920s Waukegan becomes "Green Town", Illinois.īradbury as a senior in high school, 1938 This period provided foundations for both the author and his stories. An aunt read him short stories when he was a child. He was given the middle name "Douglas" after actor Douglas Fairbanks.īradbury was surrounded by an extended family during his early childhood and formative years in Waukegan. Early life īradbury was born on August 22, 1920, in Waukegan, Illinois, to Esther (née Moberg) Bradbury (1888–1966), a Swedish immigrant, and Leonard Spaulding Bradbury (1890–1957), a power and telephone lineman of English ancestry. The New York Times called Bradbury "the writer most responsible for bringing modern science fiction into the literary mainstream". Additionally, Bradbury wrote poetry and published several collections of his poems, such as They Have Not Seen the Stars (2001). Many of his works were adapted into television and film productions as well as comic books. He also wrote and consulted on screenplays and television scripts, including Moby Dick and It Came from Outer Space. Most of his best known work is speculative fiction, but he also worked in other genres, such as the coming of age novel Dandelion Wine (1957) and the fictionalized memoir Green Shadows, White Whale (1992). īradbury wrote many works and is widely known by the general public for his novel Fahrenheit 451 (1953) and his short-story collections The Martian Chronicles (1950) and The Illustrated Man (1951). One of the most celebrated 20th-century American writers, he worked in a variety of genres, including fantasy, science fiction, horror, mystery, and realistic fiction. Ray Douglas Bradbury ( / ˈ b r æ d ˌ b ɛ r i/ August 22, 1920 – June 5, 2012) was an American author and screenwriter. ![]() ![]() ![]() It is a vectorised function and can therefore be applied to a whole series at once, for example in a dplyr pipe: Creatinine and bilirubin are both calculated from their values in µmol/l by default, and can be changed to mg/dl either by setting the optional units parameter to "US" or by using the meld_US() wrapper function instead. The meld() function in transplantr calculates the MELD score with these value assignments taken into account. ![]() If the actual level is less than 125, the value 125 is used in the equation, and if more than 137, a fixed value of 137 is assigned. The actual sodium level is only used if sodium is between 125 and 137 mmol/l. The MELD-Na score adds serum sodium levels into the mix if the MELD score is greater than 11. To get the exact MELD score as recommended by UNOS, the part of the equation above in the brackets is rounded to the tenth decimal place before being multiplied by 10. ![]() Bilirubin levels less than 1mg/dl are also set to 1, as are INR values of less than 1. Creatinine 4mg/dl as 4, and patients who are either on CVVH or have been dialysed twice in the week prior to the calculation are assigned a fixed value of 4mg/dl. The original MELD score uses serum creatinine, bilirubin and INR, but cannot be simply calculated as creatinine and bilirubin values are set to specific numbers when outside a set range. There are also two scores using donor characteristics to predict outcome, the DRI (Donor Risk Index) developed in the USA( 9), and the derivative ET-DRI (Eurotransplant Donor Risk Index) adapted to the European donor population, which achieved a c-statistic of and 0.626 in the European population( 10). Another score using a composite of donor and recipient characteristics is the BAR (Balance of Risk) score, which is based on a sample of American and European liver transplants and achieved a c-statistic of 0.7 when predicting patient survival( 8). The SOFT (Survival Outcomes Following Liver Transplantation) Score was developed by at Columbia University to predict recipient survival after liver transplantation( 7). MELD and UKELD are primarily intended to predict waiting list mortality and therefore urgency for transplant, but perform relatively poorly at predicting survival after liver transplant( 4-6). The UKELD score was developed to risk stratify liver transplant recipients in the UK, is based on MELD and adds serum sodium( 3). The scores have been shown to predict short-term mortality after transhepatic porto-systemic shunt (TIPS) procedure, non-liver transplant surgery in cirrhotic patients, acute alcoholic hepatitis and acute variceal haemorrhage. It has also been widely used as part of clinical urgency prioritisation in liver transplant matching algorithms, although UNOS changed to the alternative MELD-Na score( 2), which incorporates serum sodium levels, in January 2016. The MELD score was originally developed at the Mayo Clinic to risk stratify elective transhepatic porto-systemic shunt (TIPS) procedures in patients with liver cirrhosis( 1). ![]() ![]() You can see this in some of the home movies that are shot in this resolution and which are stretched to fit your TV monitor. For instance, if you take an image that is 320 by 240 resolution and you attempt to scale it so that its dimensions have doubled, you will notice some pixelation. ![]() One disadvantage of raster images however is that they don’t scale very well. At the zoomed in level, it becomes possible to individually manipulate the image one pixel at a time (if you want) using the paint bucket and other tools. I’ve worked a lot with raster graphics, and like the article says, the images are split up into grids of pixels.Īs a matter of fact, if you open up a raster graphic image in a paint program you can zoom in and see the individual pixels. Nowadays of course there are still cameras that have high resolution raster graphic capability you can print at much higher resolution. These pictures were okay on a computer monitor, but if you printed them out you could only print out a small picture because they couldn’t scale up to fill a 4 by 6 or 5 by 7 photo print. With only 50 of the broadcast lines visible at any given time, the transitions between the odd and even lines often resulted in inferior images. In the early days of digital camcorders with still camera capability, they took pictures in low resolution. Broadcasting interlaced video was cheaper than broadcasting progressive-scan images but also resulted in lower quality images with a higher risk of artifacting, flickering, and other visual imperfections. For that reason I just stay with the default resolution of the image. I’ve noticed that myself when I play around with some image editing programs and try to scale up an image. September 4, - That’s true the raster grid doesn’t look as good when you expand it. A compression program looks for patterns of repetition among these numbers and squeezes the compressed file down to smaller size. The reason is that all of the pixels are essentially just numbers. What I like also about the raster format is that, regardless of the resolution, raster data is easy to compress. He is able to create posters with these images, all with rich color and stunning clarity. Vector Scan Displays, Random Scan Devices, Line Plotters The electron. My friend has a still camera with something on the order of 12 megapixel resolution for his images. I was then able to scale my small GIF animation to where it filled the whole screen, with no loss of resolution! Talk about an easy way to do an animation. ![]() I got a GIF animated raster image, and used a vector image program to convert it from raster to vector format. I did this once and the results were amazing. You can even do a raster conversion where you convert from raster to vector and vice-versa. Unlike the raster image, which stores everything as pixels, vectors use mathematical formulas to compute the lines and curves the upshot is that the final image is completely scalable. The new thing these days is the vector format. September 5, - I’d like to point out that the raster image format, with all its pluses and minuses, is not the only kid on the block in this regard. ![]() ![]() ![]() In terms of color, this palette again ticks all the boxes. This wide variety of colors and finishes makes the palette extremely versatile meaning you can create countless different looks to suit all occasions. I really appreciate that the Desert Dusk Palette offers a great balance of matte, pressed pearl (shimmer), duo-chrome and even pressed glitter all in the one palette. Most eyeshadow palettes will have a blend of matte and shimmer finish shadows which is expected. Along with an amazing combination of colors, what I love most about this palette is the variety of texture and finishes. Huda Beauty Desert Dusk Palette features 18 eyeshadows. One word I can use to describe this palette is: Rich! I took plenty of close up photos of the palette so you can see the texture and the colors of the eyeshadows as close to the real thing as possible. All the eyeshadow names are printed below each pan and there’s a transparent divider which again has the same picture of Huda’s eyes. There’s a large mirror on the inside – an upgrade from her last eyeshadow palette which didn’t have a mirror. As you move the palette in the light, the shimmer over her eyes and the crystals on her headpiece glisten. The cover of the palette itself features Huda’s eyes with a matte/metallic combination finish. ![]() The external packaging has a soft metallic color theme which carries into the palette. The packaging of Desert Dusk Palette alone draws you in. Last palette I was this excited about was Anastasia Modern Renaissance and to this day, it’s still one of the best selling eyeshadow palettes. The Desert Dusk Palette is possibly the prettiest palette I got my hands on in a long time. If you purchase products via these links, I may get a commission at no extra cost to you The new Huda Beauty Desert Dusk Palette definitely fits this bill. 1 Concealer Base, for flawless application, and to boost eyeshadow intensity.With so many new eyeshadow palettes being launched almost weekly now, I know the color schemes and the trends can get quite repetitive.īut every now and again, a palette comes along which offers something a little different and demands attention. 1 Pressed Pearl, combined with Acacia, Jojoba and Sunflower Wax for a high-shimmer finish that layers effortlessly on top of mattes, adding dreamy depth and dimension. 2 Glitter Formulas, infused with innovative silicones for advanced adherence, pigment dispersion and luminosity. 4 Reflective Shades, featuring shimmering pearl flecks for a gorgeous duo-chromatic finish. 10 Highly Pigmented Matte Eyeshadows, formulated with Aloe Vera and Coconut Oil for butter-like application. The all-in-one eyeshadow palette consists of 18 highly pigmented shades, ranging from flattering mattes to shimmer-drenched hues, and has everything you need to transform your lids. Delivering infinite possibilities, this unexpected palette encourages you to experiment, empower and express yourself however you please. Reinventing nude so you can experience it like never before, The New Nude Palette by Huda Beauty is versatile and wearable in equal measure. ![]() ![]() A game-changing palette that reinvents nude with revolutionary textures and colours. ![]() ![]() If you are re-creating your control file and you are using Recovery Manager for tablespace recovery, and if you specify a different character set from the one stored in the data dictionary, then tablespace recovery will not succeed. Oracle Database prints the current database character set to the alert log in $ORACLE_HOME/log during startup. This clause is required only if you are using a character set other than the default, which depends on your operating system. If media recovery of the database is subsequently required, then this information will be available before the database is open, so that tablespace names can be correctly interpreted during recovery. If you specify a character set, then Oracle Database reconstructs character set information in the control file. Oracle recommends that you then shut down the instance and take a full backup of all files in the database. ![]() If that parameter is not set, then the default value is FALSE, and the database is mounted in EXCLUSIVE mode. After successfully creating the control file, Oracle Database mounts the database in the mode specified by the initialization parameter CLUSTER_DATABASE. If you omit any clauses, then Oracle Database uses the default values rather than the values for the previous control file. This control file is not an Oracle Managed File. If no values are set for any of these parameters, then the database creates a control file in the default location for the operating system on which the database is running. ![]() If a value is specified only for DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST, then the database creates one control file in that location. If a value is specified only for DB_CREATE_FILE_DEST, then the database creates one control file in that location. The location specified in DB_CREATE_FILE_DEST is the primary control file. ![]() If no value is specified for DB_CREATE_ONLINE_LOG_DEST_ n, but values are set for both the DB_CREATE_FILE_DEST and DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST, then the database creates one control file in each location. When DB_CREATE_ONLINE_LOG_DEST_ n is specified, the database does not create a control file in DB_CREATE_FILE_DEST or in DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST (the fast recovery area). The file in the first directory is the primary control file. One or more control files as specified in the DB_CREATE_ONLINE_LOG_DEST_ n initialization parameter. If that parameter does not have a value, then the database creates an Oracle-managed control file in the default control file destination, which is one of the following (in order of precedence): The control file resides in the location specified in the CONTROL_FILES initialization parameter. When you issue a CREATE CONTROLFILE statement, Oracle Database creates a new control file based on the information you specify in the statement. ![]() ![]() What the federal search warrants served against Crundwell revealed. Public Defender Paul Gaziano and former Dixon Comptroller Rita Crundwell leave the Federal Courthouse in Rockford. Rita Crundwell, former comptroller for the city of Dixon, IL was sentenced. (Chris Johnson) Closer lookĪ FAQ that looked at key elements of the investigation and the case against Crundwell. 1 Fraud Case Analysis: Rita Crundwells Fraud Students Name Institutional Affiliation 2. Rita Crundwell, Dixon’s comptroller, was charged. ![]() Walking with Crundwell are her attorneys, Paul Gaziano (left) and Kristin Carpenter. View Rita Crundwell.docx from LAW 404 at University of Nairobi. The case is eerily similar to the corruption scandal that hit the city of Dixon in 2012, which made nationwide news. Rita Crundwell was born in 1953 and raised on a farm near the city of Dixon (. District Court Judge Michael Mahoney released her on a $4,500 recognizance bond. The case study is about Rita Crundwell and her position in the management of the city of Dixon, Illinois. In this undated file photo, former Dixon Comptroller Rita Crundwell (center) leaves the federal courthouse in Rockford on Wednesday afternoon after U.S. This story looks at key elements of her life, her enthusiasm for horses and her long service as a Dixon official. This November 2011 photo shows Rita Crundwell, of Dixon, Ill., posing with Pizzazzy Lady at the 2011 American Quarter Horse Association World Championship Show in Oklahoma City. (AP file) Crundwell freed on $4,500 bond. Before Thursday, Crundwell had faced just a single count of wire fraud in a federal case. Each count accuses her of stealing more than $100,000 in government property and carries a possible punishment of up to 30 years in prison. Rita Crundwell used dozens of fake invoices to move money from the City of Dixon's accounts to her own, Attorney Devon Bruce revealed on Thursday, September 26th, 2013. I just rammed together the two firms' revenues, per Accounting Today.Grand jurors in Lee County on Thursday indicted Rita Crundwell, the former comptroller for Dixon. (WLS) - Former Dixon Comptroller Rita Crundwell was released from federal prison in central Illinois Wednesday, the FBI confirmed. ![]() Clifton is one of the most deft box-checking firms out there but it will be tough convince anyone they aren't liable just because they complied with professional standards.ĬPA firm knew about secret bank account ġ Or something. If a judge and/or jury decides that auditors/accountants were grossly negligent despite evidence that shows that they checked all the right boxes, it won't matter. How could one woman steal 53 million without anyone noticing All the Queens Horses tells the story of Rita Crundwell as self, the perpetrator of the largest case of municipal fraud in American history. I don't know! Professional standards are great and all, but sometimes in court it doesn't make any difference. If that's the case, shouldn't that get CLA off the hook? ![]() ![]() Now, if there was "a change in scope" that's a different story but nothing in the article indicates that the former conversation DIDN'T happen or that the latter conversation DID happen. Isn't that interesting, man? If CLA/CG did the "establishing an understanding" then Dixon would have been perfectly aware of what the firm was doing and, more importantly, what they are NOT doing. If the accountant was engaged to perform an audit in accordance with GAAS or was engaged to review the financial statements in accordance with SSARSs, prior to agreeing to change the engagement to a compilation, did the accountant consider (a) the reason given for the client’s request, particularly the implications of a restriction on the scope of the audit or review whether imposed by the client or by circumstances, (b) the additional audit or review effort required to complete the audit or review, and (c) the estimated additional cost to complete the audit or review? ![]() ![]() If a player revokes, they lose the trick and pay the pre-agreed penalty in chips.Ī player taking all 13 hearts pays 13 chips: four to each opponent and one to the table. The trick is won by the highest card of the led suit and the trick winner leads to the next trick. Players must follow suit if able otherwise may discard any card. If cards are faced in the pack, the dealer reshuffles, offers it for the cut and re-deals.Įldest hand leads to the first trick. If cards are misdealt, the deal passes to the left. The deck is shuffled by the dealer, cut by the player to the right, and then dealt clockwise beginning with eldest hand, the player left of the dealer, until each player has thirteen cards. Players draw a fixed number of chips, typically 25 or 50, which may or may not have a monetary value. A standard 52-card pack of English pattern cards is used, cards ranking from ace (high) down to the two. The aim is to avoid taking any cards of the heart suit in tricks. The game is usually played by four players, but three to six can be accommodated (see below). The following rules are based on those published in The Standard Hoyle of 1887. ![]() Microsoft Windows included Hearts (in fact Black Lady) in its operating system from Windows 3.1 to Windows 7 making it one of the earliest digital renditions. The game has increased in popularity through Internet gaming sites which, however, usually offer the Black Lady variant while still calling it Hearts, whereas most books maintain the distinction between the two games. Meanwhile, in Britain the game of Black Maria, with its additional penalty cards in the suit of spades, emerged in 1939 and, both it and another offshoot, Omnibus Hearts, are "sufficiently different and popular to justify descriptions as separate games." Today this feature is a common element of modern Black Lady. The slam is known as "shooting the moon" and first appeared in Britain in 1939 in a variant of Hearts called Hitting the Moon. In the 1920s, the J ♦ variation (ten positive points) was introduced, and sometime later the scoring was reversed so that penalty points were expressed as positive instead of negative. To begin with, Black Lady did not have the option of "shooting the moon" that came later. This new variant has since become the standard game of the Hearts group in America where it is often, somewhat confusingly, also called "Hearts". In 1909, the Q ♠ was added as the highest penalty card in a variant called either Discard Hearts, after the new feature of passing unwanted cards to other players after the deal, or Black Lady, after the nickname for the Q ♠. The second scoring scheme was: Ace 5, King 4, Queen 3, Jack 2 and all pips 1 chip each. The first was the precursor to Spot Hearts whereby the cards of the heart suit cost the following in chips: Ace 14, King 13, Queen 12, Jack 11 and pip cards their face value. Two scoring variants were mentioned under the name 'Double or Eagle Game'. The basic format has changed little since. It was a no-trump, trick-taking game for four players using a full pack of cards, the aim being to avoid taking any hearts in tricks. It described Hearts as "a most pleasant game, highly provocative of laughter". Hearts itself emerged in the United States during the 1880s, The Standard Hoyle of 1887 reporting that it had only been played there for "the last five years" and was "probably of German origin". A similar game called "Four Jacks" centred around avoiding any trick containing a Jack, which were worth one penalty point, and J ♠ worth two. ![]() In this game, a penalty point was awarded for each trick won, plus additional points for taking J ♥ or Q ♥ in tricks. The game of Hearts probably originated with Reversis, which became popular around 1750 in Spain. The original game of Hearts is still current but has been overtaken in popularity by Black Lady in the United States and Black Maria in Great Britain. The game is a member of the Whist group of trick-taking games (which also includes Bridge and Spades), but is unusual among Whist variants in that it is a trick-avoidance game players avoid winning certain penalty cards in tricks, usually by avoiding winning tricks altogether. It was first recorded in America in the 1880s and has many variants, some of which are also referred to as "Hearts", especially the games of Black Lady and Black Maria. Hearts is an "evasion-type" trick-taking playing card game for four players, although most variations can accommodate between three and six players. Notes: Hearts, while not trump, award one penalty point each, hence the game's name. 52-card (51 or 54 for 3 or 6 players, 50 for 5) ![]() |
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